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Traditionally, there has been some confusion between the use of the term nation-building and that of state-building (the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in North America). Both have fairly narrow and different definitions in political science, the former referring to national identity, the latter to infrastructure, and the institutions of the state. The debate has been clouded further by the existence of two very different schools of thought on state-building. The first (prevalent in the media) portrays state-building as an interventionist action by foreign countries. The second (more academic in origin and increasingly accepted by international institutions) sees state-building as an indigenous process. For a discussion of the definitional issues, see state-building, Carolyn Stephenson's essay, [20] and the papers by Whaites, CPC/IPA or ODI cited below.
Smith, Anthony D. (1981). The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521232678. A dominant view in the past was that to become a nation, a people sharing common race, language, religion, etc must live together in a geographical area. However, this view does not have much currency now. The generally accepted view today holds that rather than sharing attributes like common race, language, religion, etc it is the sentiment of common consciousness that forms the basis of a nation. A nation has a political meaning which is distinct from a nationality. A nationality is transformed into a nation when it organises a state or at least cherishes a common will to live together in a state for the future. Nation-building can also include attempts to redefine the populace of territories that had been carved out by colonial powers or empires without regard to ethnic, religious, or other boundaries, as in Africa and the Balkans. [11] [12] These reformed states could then become viable and coherent national entities. [13] Nationalism can be defined as the process of identity making can be best understood in the words of Reicher and Hopkins. This understanding of nationalism is further amplified by a British Labor politician who likened nationalism to electricity that can be used for good and bad purposes. He continued that it can electrocute someone in the electric chair or it can heat and light the world adding that:The challenges facing the Free State were many and varied, and while it may not have fulfilled all the dreams of the revolutionary generation, the achievement of its founders should never be underestimated. The following are some of the biggest tests which faced the new nation. 1. Preserving democracy
Nation building by www.usip.org is not just about the physical construction service provision or material wealth. It is also about using the country’s shared customs to prevent further escalation of conflict as well as upholding values, customs, traditional practices that can be enshrined in national identity. In other words, a nation is not the sum of material possessions. Rather people are the most important asserts that, they are the nation and how each citizen behaves becomes the reflection of nation’s characters. The best way for the nation to hold itself to its own standards is to teach the youngest citizens to remind everyone of whom they are as people. Fukuyama, Francis. January/February 2004. "State of the Union: Nation-Building 101", Atlantic Monthly. Four people were at the forefront of the process of building the nation after the British had handed over the reins of the administration to the Indian government. Sardar Patel and along with him were Lord Mountbatten, Jawaharlal Nehru, and V.P. Menon. These were very difficult times as the turmoil of Partition had created bitter memories and an atmosphere of distrust. Smith, Anthony D. (2003). Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity. Oxford University Press.
What is nation-building?
Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp.221–222. ISBN 9780521815390 . Retrieved 11 February 2015– via Google Books. Independent cultures across Indonesia’s 11,000 islands and Tanzania’s many tribal groups were assimilated into a national identity forged by authoritarian governments. A common language was required to be taught in all schools, a key factor in building a national identity. Fukuyama contrasted those nations with Nigeria and Kenya, where nation-building efforts were not applied with a strong hand and where inter-group violence has been a problem. Giving up his ambitions and dreams, Patel followed in the footsteps of the Mahatma nursing the cherished desire of freedom. 'I took to this life after mature consideration and not on the spur of the moment' he said of his decision. Richmond, Edmun B. (1993). "Senegambia and the Confederation: History, Expectations, and Disillusions". Journal of Third World Studies. 10 (2): 172–194. JSTOR 45193442 . Retrieved 28 September 2021. He then goes on to say that for the sustenance of a nation, “the people should be in a position to communicate with one another, that is, they should have a common language…(however,) it is not the case that all those who communicate in the same language necessarily make a nation…It is the combination, the fusion of territory and language, that makes a nation; a nation is a community in communication in its homeland” (ibid). Thus, according to Oommen, “a common homeland and a common language (ancestral or adopted) are the critical minimum markers of a nation and national identity” (ibid: 20). On the other hand, Oommen defines nationality as “the collective identity that the people of a nation acquire by identifying with the nation” (1997: 19). This view equates nationality with citizenship. However, nationality is often used as a synonym for ethnicity. In this sense, various cultural groups constituting a nation are described as nationalities.
nation, n. (14c) 1. A large group of people having a common origin, language, and tradition and usu. constituting a political entity. • When a nation is coincident with a state, the term nation-state is often used.... Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. London: Verso Books. Throughout the 1920s, intermittent violence continued to be a serious problem. In the summer of 1927, the minister for justice Kevin O’Higgins was murdered on his way to mass in Booterstown in South Dublin. In response, Cosgrave called a snap general election after passing legislation that required all candidates to sign an undertaking to take their seats in the Dáil. This forced Fianna Fáil, established a year earlier by Éamon de Valera, to abandon its abstentionist policy. De Valera and his TDs signed the oath of allegiance to the Irish people and fidelity to the British monarch as specified in the Treaty and took their seats in the Dáil. It was an important step towards normal democratic politics. Five years later, after a decade in office, Cosgrave and Cumman na nGeadheal were defeated in the general election of 1932. They endured the galling experience of seeing the forces they had defeated in the Civil War take over the reins of power but the peaceful handover was the ultimate proof that Irish democracy had put down firm roots. 1923: in numbersDuring this period, Patel was also Deputy Prime Minister, Home Minister and Minister in charge of Information and Broadcasting. When Nehru travelled aborad, Patel also took charge as the Acting Prime Minister. He was also a member of the Constituent Assembly that had taken upon itself the monumental task of drafting a Constitution for the nation. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had reverted only to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. The confusion over terminology has meant that more recently, nation-building has come to be used in a completely different context, with reference to what has been succinctly described by its proponents as "the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy". [21] In this sense nation-building, better referred to as state-building, describes deliberate efforts by a foreign power to construct or install the institutions of a national government, according to a model that may be more familiar to the foreign power but is often considered foreign and even destabilizing. [22] In this sense, state-building is typically characterized by massive investment, military occupation, transitional government, and the use of propaganda to communicate governmental policy. [23] [24] Role of education [ edit ]
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